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A rotavirus vaccine protects children from rotaviruses, which are the leading cause of severe diarrhea among infants and young children. Each year an estimated 453,000 children die from diarrhoeal disease caused by rotavirus, most of whom live in developing countries, and another two million are hospitalised. Rotavirus is highly contagious and resistant and, regardless of water quality and available sanitation, nearly every child in the world is at risk of infection. There are two rotavirus vaccines approved by global health agencies: Rotarix by GlaxoSmithKline and RotaTeq by Merck. The development of new vaccines intended to be offered at lower cost than the approved vaccines is ongoing. A vaccine from Sanofi affiliate Shantha Biotechnics is currently (2015) in Phase III clinical trials and a vaccine called Rotavac by Bharat Biotech was announced in India in 2013. The latter vaccine has completed testing in Phase III trials. On June 5, 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that rotavirus vaccine be included in all national immunization programs. The ''Rotavirus Vaccine Program'' and the Accelerated Vaccine Introduction initiative have worked to study rotavirus vaccines among developing-country populations to assist developing countries in introducing rotavirus vaccines into routine immunization programs. These partnerships are spearheaded by international non-governmental organization PATH, WHO, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization.〔(PATH's Rotavirus Vaccine Program )〕 It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medication needed in a basic health system. == Effectiveness == A 2009 review estimated that vaccination against rotavirus would prevent about 45% of deaths due to rotavirus gastroenteritis, or about 228,000 deaths annually worldwide. At $5 per dose the estimated cost per life saved was $3,015, $9,951 and $11,296 in low-, lower-middle-, and upper-middle-income countries, respectively. Safety and efficacy trials in Africa and Asia found that the vaccines dramatically reduced severe disease among infants in developing countries, where a majority of rotavirus-related deaths occur. A 2012 Cochrane review concluded that they are effective vaccines.〔 Additional rotavirus vaccines are under development. Rotavirus vaccines are licensed in more than 100 countries, but only 31〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Global Immunization Data, March 2012 )〕 countries have introduced routine rotavirus vaccination . The incidence and severity of rotavirus infections has declined significantly in countries that have acted on the recommendation to introduce the rotavirus vaccine. In Mexico, which in 2006 was among the first countries in the world to introduce rotavirus vaccine, the diarrheal disease death rates from rotavirus dropped by more than 65% among children age two and under during the 2009 rotavirus season . In Nicaragua, which in 2006 became the first developing country to introduce the rotavirus vaccine, investigators recorded a substantial impact, with rotavirus vaccine preventing 60% of cases against severe rotavirus and cutting emergency room visits in half. In the United States, vaccination has reduced rotavirus-related hospitalizations by as much as 86% since 2006. The vaccines may also prevent illness in non-vaccinated children by limiting exposure through the number of circulating infections.〔 In September 2013, the vaccine will be offered to all children in the UK, aged between two and three months, and it is expected to halve the cases of severe infection and reduce the number of children admitted to hospital because of the infection by 70 percent.〔(UK Department of Health:New vaccine to help protect babies against rotavirus. Retrieved on 10 November, 2012 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「rotavirus vaccine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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